Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering
نویسنده
چکیده
Artificial recharge of groundwater is achieved by putting surface water in basins. furrows, ditches, or other facilities where it infiltrates into the soil and moves downward to recharge aquifers. Artificial recharge is increasingly used for shortor long-term underground storage. where it has several advantages over surface storage, and in water reuse. Artificial recharge requires permeable surface soils. Where these are not available, trenches or shafts in the unsaturated zone can be used. or water can be directly injcctcd into aquifers through wells. To design a system for artificial recharge of groundwater, infiltration rates of the soil must be determined and the unsaturated zone between land surface and the aquifer must be checked for adequate pcrmeability and absence of polluted areas. The aquifer should bc suficicntl>~ transrnissivc to avoid excessive buildup of groundwater mounds. Knowledge of thesc conditions requires field investigations and, if no fatal flaws are detected, test basins to predict system performance. Waterquality issues must be evaluated. especially with respect to formation of clogging layers on basin bottoms or other infiltration surfaces, and to geochemical reactions in the aquifer. Clogging layers are managed by desilting or othcr pretreatment of the water, and by remedial techniquei in the infiltration system. such as drying, scraping, disking, ripping; or other tillage. Rechzpe wclls should be pumped periodically to backwash clogging layers. Electronic s~~pplemcntary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server ocated at http:i/dx.doi.org' IO.l007!'s10040-001-0 187-4. Received: 5 January 2001 'Accepted: 2 July 2001 Published online: Z b January 2002 RCsumC La recharge artificielle des nappes est rkilis&c a partir d'eau de surface dans des bassins, des tranc!??~:. des fosses et d'autres dispositifs ou I'cau s'intiltre dans le sol et s'ecoule vers le bas pour recharger les aquiferes. La recharge artificielle est utilisee de plus en plus pour stocker I'eau soutmaine a court et i long terme. la ou cela prCsente des avantages sur le stockape d'eaux de surface. et pour le recyclagc des eaux usdes. La recharge artificielle neccssite des sols permtables en surface. Lorsque cc n'cst pas le cas, on peut utiliscr des tranchecs ou des puits dans la zone non saturee, ou bien on peut injecter directement I'eau dans lcs aquifkres a partir de puits. Pour realiser un systkme destine ii la recharge artificielle de nappe, les taux d'infiltration du sol doivent etre dC.terminCs et on doit contr6ler que la zone non saturdc entre la surface et I'aquifkre prksentc une permeabilite adtquate et ne possi.de pas dc zones pollutes. L'aquifere doit i-tre suffisammcnt transmissif afin d'dviter I'apparition rlc domes pidzomi.tsicli~cs cxcessifs. La connaissancc de ces conditions ntcessite dos etudes de terrain ct, si aucun defaut fatal n'est detect&des bassins tests pour pr&voir lcs performances du systkme. La qualit6 des caux introduites doit ttrc tvalude. en pal-ticulier en ce qui conccrnc la formation de colmatages au fond dcs bassins ou d'autrcs dispositifs d'infiltration, ainsi quc les r&actions peochimiques au sein de I'aquifcre. Les colmatages sont CvitCs par decantation ou par un autre prk-traitenlent dc I'eau. ct par dcs techniques d'cntretien du S ~ S ~ C I T I C d'infiltration, comme lc sichagel It: raclage: le passage de disques, de herse ou d'autres instruments de labour. Les puits de recharge doivcnt etrc pomptis pCriodiquerncnt pour les decolniater. Resumen La recarga artificial dc acuiferos consiste cn disponcr agua superficial en balsas. surcos. zanjas o cualquier otro tipo de dispositivo, desde dondc se infiltra cC1 Springer-Verlag 2002 y alcarlza el ac"ifcro. La recarga artificial expcrimenta un uso creciente para almacenar agua a corto o largo plazo. ya quc presenta tiarias ventajas con rcspecto al Electronic supplementary matcnal to this paper can bc obtained by us,ng the L l ~ K located at http:iidx.doi.org' almacenamicnto en supcrficie. asi uomo para reutiliza10.1007!s 10040-00 1-0 182-3. cicin. La recarxa artificial requiere suelos permeablcs, w r lo aue se &be recumr a zanias o minas en la zona no H. Houwer (G ) satnradal o birn inyectar el agua dircctamentc cn cl acuiI.JSD.4-ARS, Water Consen~ation Laho~atory, 4331 E. Broadway Rd., Phoenix. Arizona 85040. USA fero por medio dc pozos. Para disedx un sistema dc ree-mail: hbouweri~:uswcl.ars.ag.go~: carga artificial: se debe determinar la tasa de infiltration Fax: 602-437-529 1 del suelo )i veriticar que la zona no satr~rada entre la suHydrogeology Journal ( 2 0 2 ) 10:121 142 DO1 1
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